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Glycolysis
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Glycolysis :- glycolysis is defined as sequence of reaction converting glucose or glycogen to pyruvate or lactate, with the production of ATP ( ATP Full Form) A=ADENOSINE T=TRI P=PHOSPHATE *This pathway is often referred to as Embden-Meyehof pathway (E. M Pathway) . Glycolysis is derived from the Greek words ( glycose- sweet or sugar, lysis -dissolution). Overview of glucose metabolism :- Salient features of glycolysis :- 1- Glycolysis take place in all cells of the body, enzymes of this pathway are present in the cytosomal fraction of the cell. 2- Glycolysis occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic) or in the presence of oxygen (aerobic). 3- Lactate is the end product under anaerobic condition. 4- Pyruvate is the end product under aerobic condition,which then oxidized to carbon dioxide & water (💧 ). 5- Glycolysis is a major pathway for ATP synthesis in tissue lacking mitochondria ,example RBC, c...
The skin
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Normal structure of skin :- The skin or the integument is the external organ that protects against mechanical trauma , UV light 💡& infection . In addition, the skin is concerned with thermoregulation,consevation,excretion of fluid & sensory perception . 👆 -Cone shaped dermal papillae extend upward into epidermis forming peg-like ridge of the epidermis . The histology of normal skin shows some variation in different parts of the body. In general, it is composed of two layers which are separated by irregular border :- *Epidermis *Dermis *Epidermis :- Composed of five layers from base to surface . 1-Basal cell layer ( stratum germinatum) :- #consist of a single layer of ...
Benign tumour of larynx
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Introduction :- Benign tumour of larynx can be divided into three groups - *Non-neoplastic tumour *Neoplastic tumour *Saccular swelling Benign Neoplastic tumour are less common than malignant tumour . Laryngeal papilloma account for approximately 80% of all benign neoplasm of the larynx . Non-neoplastic vocal fold mucosal disorders:- *vocal nodules *vocal polyp *Reinke's edema *Contact ulcer *Intubation granuloma *Leukoplakia *Amyloid tumour Neoplastic tumour :- *Reccurent respiratory papillomatosis *Chondroma *Hemangioma *Lipoma *Fibroma Sacc...